A Study Into The Relation Between Nomadic Culture and Society



Showing posts with label 6. Secondary Research. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 6. Secondary Research. Show all posts

Wednesday, 3 February 2010

Migration

Human migration is movement (physical or psychological) by humans from one district to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. (www.wikipedia.com)

Why do people migrate - there are a number of different reasons why people migrate from one place to another. The need to escape from persecution through war and ethnic cleansing, extreme poverty and hunger, slavery and displacement or financial gain.



Migrant Mother 1936, Dorothea Lange


"Nipomo, Calif. March 1936.
Migrant agricultural worker's family.
Seven hungry children and their
mother,aged 32. The father is a native Californian."

Click on link below to read the article by Dorothea Lange about her encounter with the migrant mother.

http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/migrantmother.htm



Net migration rates for 2008: positive (blue), negative (orange), stable (green), and no data (gray)


BBC News Article -

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/04/migration/html/migration_boom.stm

Over the past 15 years, the number of people crossing borders in search of a better life has been rising steadily. At the start of the 21st Century, one in every 35 people is an international migrant. If they all lived in the same place, it would be the world's fifth-largest country.


Many people migrate as a way of life moving from place to place to seek out work during different seasons. They enjoyu this way of life and in many ways it is not dissimilar to that of nomadic cultures.

Folklore & Tradition - Relation Between People and Place

Another element concerning place and the relation between a physical space and its inhabitants is the culture and tradition that develop within an area. This can be based on the geographical and topographical nature of its place and the relation between this nature and those existing within it. Tradition is the amalgamation of routines, much of which consist of a relation between the land and the survival of the people upon it. England's rich history of farming and religion combined with the dependency on the land and the superstition of folklore has produced a wide array of traditions inherently linking the space and the people.

Sir John Benjamin Stone (1836-1914) photographed such folklore and traditions in an attempt to preserve what he considered to be an aspect of our culture that was gradually being forgot ton. These pictures depict age old traditions linked to harvest and superstition that are largely extinct today.


The 'Horn Dance' at Abbots Bromley, Staffordshire - visit to the vicarage, September 1899


Farm Workers at Perry Barr, circa 1990



The 'Kern Bride'

Historically gypsies and travellers would move from place to place in accordance with such traditions of harvest in order to work on the land. This benefited both the farms and the travelling communities. Today however many farms have suffered from international trade and large chain supermarkets and the demand for labour is much lower. Travellers therefore are forced to adopt other methods of work in order to survive and maintain their way of life.

Nomadism

"Nomadism is more than just traveling from A to B. It is everything about Travellers. I live in a house and have done so for a long time but that doesn't make me a settled person. Many country people, who call themselves "settled", may in fact travel more than some Travellers, but this does not make them nomadic. Nomadism is your whole outlook on life… Just as settled people remain settled when they travel, Travellers remain Travellers even when they are not traveling. Travellers who are not moving can, and do, retain the mindset of a nomad." -- Michael McDonagh


Nomads - what is a nomad
'....a member of a people who have no permanent home but move about according to the seasons'.... wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn


Nomadic people, also known as nomads, are communities of people that move from one place to another, rather than settling down in one location. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world.





'The politics of place are made manifest through different groups' territorial claims. Often people fight to maintain divided or to dissolve them completely. Others try simply to slip through them undetected.. These are the marks of ideology upon the earth. Some artists reflect and reflect upon these territorial battles; others explore the absurdities that can occur in the demarcation of such places. But what of those who choose to live on the land nomadically, without making a claim on it? ' (Dean/.Millar 2005:133)


Tuareg People





www.africaguide.com/culture/tibes/tuareg

The Tuareg people are predominantly nomadic people of the Sahara desert. Because of their blue robes they are often referred to as the 'Blue men of the desert'. They live in small tribes of between 30 and 100 family members and have animals like goats, cattle, chickens and camels.They are a proud race of people and live mostly in the northern reaches of Mali near Timbuktu and Kidal where they tend to do most of their trading.

Each of the family members plays an important role with the women making milk, butter and clothing etc from the animals and collecting firewood. The men drive the animals and take responsibility for trading. They sell camels and buy millet for bread making.

Drought and government policy has impacted on their way of life and increasingly many are living a more sedentary lifestyle.


Many cultures have been traditionally nomadic, but traditional nomadic behavior is increasingly rare in industrialized countries. http://www.answers.com/

Mongolian Nomads


'The nomad moves, but he is always at the centre of the desert, at the centre of the steppe.' Gaston Bacheland (Dean/Millar 2005:147)

These images were taken of Mongolian Gers and Mongloian people by Mette Tronvoll in 2003. He undertook a documentary expedition over a period of six weeks where he travelled across Mongolia from the Gobi Desert in the south to Khenti region in the north photographing the landscape, the nomads in and outside of their Gers (Yurts) and images of the Gers themselves. The name Ger comes from the turkish word jurte and is a round white tent and is the home of the nomades living on the steppes in Mongolia. The shape and function of this tent has stayed the same.
(Dean/millar 2005:146)

Click on the link below to go to Tronvolls archive page showing his 2005 exhibition of the Nomads of Mongolia in Stockholm.

www.nordenhake.com/php/exhibition.php?id=55&year=2005




Mongolian Yurts

The yurt (mongolian: Ger) is the traditional dwelling of the nomads in Mongolia, as well as in the neighboring countries, over to as far as in Turkey. It is a tent-like structure made from a wooden frame and covered by wool felt. A traditional yurt is very easy to collapse and assemble again, and it can be transported on no more than three animals (horses, camels, yaks). Today it will fit nicely on a small all-terrain vehicle. http://www.mongolyurt.com/




Vietnamese Floating Houses

Central Viet Nam(Mid-1800s - today)



These houses are built on rafts so that the nomadic people who live in the Annam Mountains of central Viet Nam can move about freely from one side of the lake to the other. The houses are built from hardwood trees that grow slowly in the mountains. This hard wood takes a long time to rot, so it's perfect for building a house that sits in the water.
http://www.architectstudio3d.org/AS3d/people_annamese.html

Romani gypsies

I set out to try to find some real Romany Gypsies but this task proved to difficult soI have had to resort to found imagery of this nomadic race of people.


Although the Romani people are often referred to as "Gypsies" (and prefer to be called by their more proper designation, Roma), not all "gypsies" or nomadic peoples are Roma. The Roma are descendants of the ancient warrior classes of Northern India, particularly the Punjab, and they are identifiable by their language, religion, and customs, which can be directly linked to those of the Punjabi in northern India.http://www.romani.org/

Link to photos of gypsies in Romania
http://www.leafpile.com/TravelLog/Romania/Roma/Roma.htm




link to home made video of gypsy camps

http://hubpages.com/hub/Romanian-Gypsies
These lines were written by Queen Victoria in 1836: -
I know too well its truth, from experience, that whenever any poor Gipsies are encamped anywhere and crimes and robberies, etc, occur, it is invariably laid to their account, which is shocking; and if they are always looked upon as vagabonds, how can they become good people? I trust in Heaven that the day may come when I may do something for these poor people.

http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article6611276.ece

Irish Travellers - Media Representations


video clip taken from 'Snatch' highlighting travelers attitude experienced at laira bridge

The following links will take you to This is Plymouth website pages with regrd to other illegal gypsy encampments in Plymouth.





http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/environment/Travellers-return-Estover-field/article-1428057-detail/article.html

http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/Ridge-Road-Gypsy-families-given-months-leave/article-1524288-detail/article.html

http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/Travellers-set-camp-city/article-1163828-detail/article.html

Image below and article in Sun Newspaper about illegal traveller settlements.


Spreading misery ... huge camp of 1,000 Irish travellers at Crays Hill, Essex

http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article104007.ece

THE Sun today launches a campaign to STOP John Prescott giving the green light to illegal gypsy camps across Britain. The Deputy Prime Minister has ordered local councils to go soft on travellers camps and turn a blind eye to the shocking problems they create.But The Sun, on behalf of our ten million readers, is determined to fight him all the way.

Modes of Travel and Escapism Camper Vans/Tents

Many people like to 'get away from it all' this escapism from the constraints of society comes in many shapes and forms. Some people prefer to simply pack up a car and a tent and head for the hills, whilst others plan road trips in more detail and with a more comfortabe mode of transport.

When I was younger my family and I would often go camping in Cornwall, Wales and France. We would pack up a tent and simply go - this was an idylic way of life and one which I thoroughly enjoyed and I have retained many happy memories from that time. Camping to me was a great adventure because when we were away there were endless things to do and places to explore. Being free from urban constraints and structure was a great joy to me and this freedom of spirit has remained with me.

“The land was ours before we were the land’s”
-- Robert Frost



I have progressed from a tent to a VW Transporter which has been converted into a 'camper van'. My dad and I padded out the inside to become a comfortable place to sleep and entertain; I even have a small bar area! My van is always ready for me to 'go' I have a bed in it and a stove plus my surfing gear. If I decide to stay over or go somewhere I have my 'home' with me and have no worry abouyt ever having to find a bed for the night. This freedom has allowed me to travel throughout the UK and Europe whatever the weather and enabled me to retain a spirit of adventure and in some sense nomadism.


My Van - Image taken by Harry Hilliar


This image was taken by Rirkrit Tiravanija
source: Dean, T. & Millar.J., 2005, Place, Thames and Hudson:London.


'When I was nineteen years old I left Thailand and went to Canada. At that point, I left high school thinking that I would go into photojournalism because I enjoyed the idea of being mobile and travelling a lot. I wanted to see everything, and this was a situation that could be put me there. I wasn't ever interested in making a lot of money; I just wanted to get by. But I wanted to see everything.' (Dean/Millar 2005:155)

As said previously there are many ways of 'getting away from it all' and whilst conducting research I came across these interesting images of luxury camper vans.
The following link will take you to an online forum which shows images of a variety of different camper vans with all of the owners having common denominators - the desire to travel in their own van in (relative) comfort and in some cases style and to experience life on the road away from normality of everyday living. The desire to escape to the great outdoors to 'rough it' is an inherent need in some people whilst others will not find it desirable at all. For them sleeping in small cramped spaces, being cold and not having the comforts of home is not an option. However if you are rich enough to own one of the vans in the images below I would hardly say 'it was roughing it'.

forums.vwvortex.com/zerothread?id=4520042...







My idea of luxury is one of these vans with a sports car underneath - if I had one of these and money was no object I would like to travel the world and expeirience as many different cultures and traditions as possible whilst still retaining a sense of freedom and adventure.

Tree Houses - Commercial


Have your own treehouse built in your own backyard...


A tall, tall, treehouse........
With the top of the roof reaching 10 metres high, and being situated in a secret location in Hampstead, we believe this is without doubt the highest (and probably the most spectacular) treehouse in London. From the top of the treehouse you can look over West London (and even look down on the arch at Wembley stadium).
The tree house itself boasts gothic doors and windows, is fully insulated and lined, has fold up desks on the lower floor and oak bunks on the top floor. There is even a toilet and basin for over-night stays!
The roof and the exterior walls are clad with cedar, but the turret at the front of the tree house is clad in copper.

Luxury treehouse.

If you want to have a luxury treehouse built follow the following link

http://www.highlifetreehouses.co.uk/





A tall, tall, treehouse........
With the top of the roof reaching 10 metres high, and being situated in a secret location in Hampstead, we believe this is without doubt the highest (and probably the most spectacular) treehouse in London. From the top of the treehouse you can look over West London (and even look down on the arch at Wembley stadium).
The tree house itself boasts gothic doors and windows, is fully insulated and lined, has fold up desks on the lower floor and oak bunks on the top floor. There is even a toilet and basin for over-night stays!
The roof and the exterior walls are clad with cedar, but the turret at the front of the tree house is clad in copper.

Luxury treehouse.

If you want to have a luxury treehouse built follow the following link

http://www.highlifetreehouses.co.uk/

Reflective Thought

Based on the range of theories explored through my secondary research I am able to make an analysis of my own experience in relation to such ideas.

'It is place, permanent position in both the social and topographical sense, that gives us our identity.' (J.B. Jackson)



The Early Years

I grew up in a small village, where I have spent a great deal of my life and still live today. Compared to a lot of places in the world it was a safe and friendly village. The inhabitants were all of a similar demographic, families with children of similar ages living in a small community. Everyone knew everyone and those who didn't kept to themselves, as a result I was allowed to roam free knowing that there would always be a familiar face nearby if anything were to happen. The village lies in a valley with a river running through the middle, on each side there are fields and woods, my house is right on the river at the edge of village which inhabits no more than perhaps 800 people. In this sense my upbringing was in many ways idyllic and fortunate.

'The home is of huge social significance. We spend much of our lives in the home, our primary emotional connections are shaped in the domestic arena of the home; where we live and how we live are important determinants of our social position, physical heath and individual well being.' (Short cited in Cieraad, 1999:ix)


Home in England, my house in the valley.

The village park where I would spend many long days with friends, sat on the hillside beside the school. In the center was the village green, with a shop and a church; your average quaint Devon village. We would often climb to the top of the valley and look down, pointing out each others houses. At that time it seemed that this view alone was all we needed and that the world beyond was of no significance. I think we were to engaged with the space we had. We weren't looking to travel, we were content with our bikes and skateboards and whatever. In a way I guess that we thought it would all be the same whichever village we went to. From the top of the valley you could see for miles and it all looked the same. Why venture farther when life is good here and this place is ours. On reflection there must have been hundreds of other citizens using the same roads and benches, the farmers on either side undoubtedly owned the fields yet perhaps due to the amount of time spent in each place and the fact that we had so many secret places that not many people knew about made us feel as though the space was ours. Not exclusively, for we understood that each space was either public or private, and in the latter case we were usually trespassing but with a certain pride. In the summer we would offer directions to tourists, we would carve our names into trees or make dirt jumps in the park. These actions served to reaffirm our sense of authority and belonging to our childhood years.


Village annual tug of war on the village green.

The school, attended by most of my friends at the time, was another popular space to congregate after school hours. I was one of the few not to attend the school, resulting in my feeling slightly more detached from the space. During the week the building and its grounds were alien to me yet formed much of my friends relations as the place the became united. Other friends of theirs attending the school yet living in neighboring villages would visit after school and there relation to the space was one to which I could not relate. For me the school was a playground without the elements of education and institution that my friends encountered. I attended the Royal School for the Deaf in Exeter, far from our collective territory this was another part of my world which I would transcend between Monday to Friday. Friends would await my taxi and welcome me back into the village to go out and explore some more.

The village was our place, our comfort zone, our territory.

Any exploration outside of the three mile parish that encompassed the village and its surroundings was made through our parents. This distinction between the independence of our exploration within the parish and the wider excursions to the coast or moors which was always decided by the adults. For example I could walk out of my front door and wander as I pleased. When taken to the beach however, we would be under greater supervision and even more so in the surrounding towns. This is obviously due to the perceived threat of such spaces but the result of which was to create the impression that these spaces were not so much our own, and although they became familiar with frequent visits, the impression was given that the outside world was not to be explored as freely as our own village. Had we all had the means in which to do so; transport, money... I am unsure that we would have expanded our horizons much at that age.

'A person in the process of time invests bits of his emotional life in his home and beyond the home in his neighborhood [...] its familiarity protects the human being from the bewilderment's of the outside world.' (Tuan 1990:99)

Looking back now I feel that I have come a long way from those days. I still live in the same village but cannot remember the last time I set foot in the park. My world has spread far beyond that which I knew as a child. Now I return home to eat and sleep, the only time I spend in the village is either at home, in the local pub or briefly stopping at the shop or garage for food or petrol. The familiarity of this place is such that I no longer pay any attention to it, it has become a part of me almost like my hands or my feet, requires no thought and doesn't really change. I can wander far from home for months on end and return with indifference.

Passing my driving test changed my life. I could travel independently from place to place. The freedom allowed me unrestricted access to anywhere accessible by road. The places I had spent most of my time, the beaches I had surfed since I was young, always reliant on the generosity of my parents were now places I would visit on a regular basis. This drive to various points of the local coastline became part of my identity. We would attach stickers to road signs on route to our favourite surfing spots, in a similar way to carving my name in the village trees, we were establishing our identity. These beaches and roads became a wider part of my world. I also began to acknowledge the possibilities of exploration, my car providing the safety and allowing me to travel further and further from home.



Once I had realised this ambition to see the world on my own terms, to feel the freedom of the open world and to find new spaces I began to look further afar.

'A sense of place results gradually and unconsciously from inhabiting a landscape over time, becoming familiar with its physical properties, accruing history within its confines,' (Rydon PLACE)

Space & Place Abroad

Greece

Before I was born my parents were living and traveling around Greece. Two weeks prior to my birth they flew back to England due to the lack of a decent hospital. Being a influential space in my parents relationship and where the family began we would return to the same Greek village for years to come. Being integrated into the local society much as I have described my own village in England, the annual month spent in Greece was a home away from home. Unlike many children abroad at such a young age I was left to wander, protected by the local crowd who knew my parents, to any onlooker I was as much one of the villagers than an outsider. They fed me, entertained me, gave me access to the kitchen in the local restaurant and I could explore, mess around with the local kids and meet up with my parents as I wished.







France

Another place where we would travel for holidays was Messanges on the South Atlantic Coast of France. We would camp near the beach in the vast pine forest and spend the days at the beach and around the local area. It didn't take long to make friends with the local kids once more a friendship that I still maintain and return every year to spend the summer months with. Now I have my van I no longer need the campsite but can use friends houses and park in free camping car spots or in lay bys. This village and these people will always remain close to me, the fact that we meet for only one month or so every year makes no difference to our friendship, when I arrive it is as if I have only recently left.



Fuerteventura

Once my interest in surfing progressed there was little else I wanted to do. Being in the water was liberating, I could spend hours in the waves and come ashore only to eat and rest before heading back out. Greece therefore became less appealing than France due to the lack of waves. Fuerteventura became the winter destination that would represent family Christmas for years. This was a desolate island, volcanic rock covered in Saharan sand that had blew across the ocean. We found the north shore to be the best for surfing and soon became acquainted with a small village and the nearby town. Made friends with some ex patriots living nearby as well as some travellers that had settled for a while, working in the pizzeria or the local surf shop. Returning each Christmas for years to come these people became familiar faces each time although they were always older and more friends with my parents than myself. Most years we would be with other friends and families other than our own so that I would always have friends from home to surf with. With hindsight this and the surf magazines we would look at was the first steps into the desire to travel and surf all across the world.




Surfing and the ethos often connected to it is directly related to travel. The search for the perfect wave the crowd less beach of the most beautiful island. Surfing magazines are always talking of new spots and exotic locations yet to be discovered, warm water and constant swell. Each surfing community has its local crowd, for me there were at least a dozen friends that I still surf with on a weekly basis, each come and go for months on end, either planning a trip somewhere or recently returned with stories of adventure. As soon as we were old enough to venture further the foreign seas were already calling.



Australia

I competed in the 2005 deaf Olympics held in Melbourne. My swimming had already taken me abroad several times across Europe yet the possibility of travelling half way across the world was one that I could not let slip and trained hard to qualify. After the Olympics my family and I hired a large van and explored the coast line. Surfing at every spot we passed and camping out in the wild.

South America

I flew out to Argentina during my gap year between college and university. This was not planned to be a surf trip and we didn't take our boards. We worked our way from Buenos Aires across the coast of Uruguay up through Brazil surfing whenever we found a wave and a board. We then crossed the continent through Argentina once more and into Northern Chile, Bolivia and Peru where we surfed again at various points, we finished up in Colombia looking for waves yet finding none in the calm Caribbean seas.

Being abroad was not as different as I had imagined, the language barrier was no greater or worse than it was for me in England. Hardly anyone uses sign language in England, hardly anyone in South America. Therefore in terms of communication I felt no better or worse off, I could talk to anyone I wanted to in the same way as always, using universal signs and gestures. In this respect I felt just as at ease whichever country I was in, the vast majority of people I met were extremely friendly and I felt confidant that the world was on the whole a good and safe place. Colombia was often said to be dangerous and a risky place to travel within. I would agree that there are certain dangers and one has to be much more cautious in Colombia yet the people and the various places I visited brought me nothing but fun and adventure. I may be naive in my reflections but I still feel that to this day I would feel happy to jump on a plane and arrive in a new place without worrying about the possible dangers and threats involved. These threats exist everywhere, it is important to remember to be considerate and informed of each countries problems and situations but also to be intrepid and positive when abroad.



Hawaii



I attended the 2009 Deaf World Surf Championships in Hawaii. I was the only English competitor and travelled alone. I was met by organisors of the event and given a bed in a front room for the first night. What was amazing about the event was the number of Deaf competitors from all over the world that came together for three and a half weeks and lived, surfed, drank, ate together and had a great time throughout. I made many new friends some of which local, who let me crash in thier house the entire time I was there. We would hire motorbikes and eplore the island, looking for good waves or head into the rainforest. Once again I felt incredibly content to be in such a beautiful place with so many new friends that I could quite happily have stayed for years.




Now I am living back in the village where I was born and grew up, I am eager to go abroad as soon as possible. Although I have strong connections with the space I live in, I also know that it will always remain and I can return home whenever I choose.